Mainland Portugal · 0.4–400 kV · public data only

One simulation database, from 400 kV down to the street.

SimPT-Power connects public network geometry, equipment records and operating data into solvable models of the transmission grid, the medium-voltage networks and the low-voltage feeders of all 72,434 public secondary substations, with power-flow, short-circuit and protection results.

Explore the map Data on Zenodo · 2026.10.04-r4 Code Kaggle

What is in the database

Each voltage level uses the most complete public data and the model it needs. The levels are linked by real transformer boundaries.

400 kV220 kV150 kV

Transmission (REN)

150–400-kV circuits and transformers reconciled circuit by circuit with the REN inventory.

60 kV

HV distribution (E-REDES)

60-kV lines from E-REDES geometry and planning documents; 397 substations with measured 15-min load.

60–400 kV

HV core

3,787: buses
4,926: lines
219: transformers
1,007: generating units
31,492: 15-min AC power flows

60-kV/MV boundary

617 root transformers. Each root slice (MV network + PTDs + LV feeders) is solved at its own peak.

617: root slices

30 kV15 kV10 kV

Medium voltage

OSM lines with PTD taps, inferred urban cables where OSM has none, and rule-based operating designs.

419,647: OSM segments
3,037: urban-cable feeders
273: operating designs

Secondary substations

Public locations, ratings and construction types of every PTD.

72,434: PTDs

0.4 kV

Low voltage (four-wire)

Compact feeders for every PTD, and geographic networks built from public poles, buildings and streets.

93,459: compact feeders
70,988: geographic networks
167,171 km: LV lines

1,745,820short-circuit results

290,353protective devices

219,017load, PV and generation series

Three kinds of model layer

The database is not one network. Layers are kept separate, and their counts are never added together.

Candidate

Topology derived from public data that still needs a design before it can be solved, e.g. OSM MV lines with PTD taps.

Solvable

Networks that can be solved directly: the HV core, the root slices and the LV feeders.

Design

Feeder boundaries, conductors, parallel feeders and transformer sizes generated by engineering rules and checked against limits.

Each layer has its own computation unit

HV snapshotone national timestamp

Root slicethe peak timestamp of that root

LV caseone PTD

Every value says where it came from

Values are filled in a fixed order and labelled. On the map, choose “Data source” to colour the network by class.

Public data

Used directly or after unit conversion: PTD locations and ratings, line routes, substation loads.

Engineering rule

Derived deterministically from public data and type standards: smallest standard transformer, standard conductor by voltage.

Simulation scenario

Typical settings where neither exists: zero-sequence parameters, power factor 0.97, IEC standard-inverse relay curves.

How close is it to the real system?

0.997correlation of HV load with national consumption (15 min)

−2.0% / −2.6%total MV / LV line length vs E-REDES

0.038mean absolute error of the 15-min LV share, leave-one-month-out

100%HV snapshots, root slices and compact feeders converge

Convergence shows numerical consistency, not agreement with operator state estimates. SimPT-Power is a simulation database, not the operator network or a digital twin.

Get the data

Release: SimPT-Power-2026.10.04-r4

Main file: database/simpt_power.duckdb.zst (841 MB, DuckDB, 262 tables in 12 schemas). Open subset in Parquet on Kaggle.

Cite

@dataset{zhou2026simptpower,
  author    = {Zhou, Minglei},
  title     = {{SimPT-Power}: a public-data multi-voltage (0.4--400 kV)
               power-system simulation database of mainland {Portugal}},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  year      = {2026},
  version   = {2026.10.04-r4},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.23132707}
}

Quick start

# after downloading simpt_power.duckdb.zst from Zenodo
zstd -d simpt_power.duckdb.zst
python - <<'PY'
import duckdb
con = duckdb.connect("simpt_power.duckdb", read_only=True)
print(con.sql("""
  SELECT ptd_code, min_phase_voltage_pu, max_neutral_current_a, transformer_loading_pct
  FROM study.lv_fourwire_root_peak_design_snapshot
  ORDER BY min_phase_voltage_pu LIMIT 5"""))
PY

Data: OpenStreetMap-derived parts ODbL; E-REDES open data CC BY 4.0; other sources keep their own terms. Code: MIT.